Natural Law Theory

According to Jenkins, â€Å"The natural law theory begins with theories about the nature and purpose of the world and moves on to ask about the purpose of every action or object. The right thing to do is that which fulfils the natural purpose. † Natural law was developed by Thomas Aquinas, in which he believed that there is such a thing as natural moral law. Natural law ethics depends on the belief that the world was designed by a creator, God. It teaches everything God made has a purpose, including every aspect of human life, and everything should work towards the purpose assigned to it.If we fulfil this purpose we do ‘good’, for example it is good to preserve life (â€Å"Do not kill†). If we frustrate the purpose for which something has been created then it is morally ‘wrong’, to destroy life is against the will of good. In addition, human sexuality was designed for the reproduction of the species. Any action which helps towards the fulfilmen t of this purpose is good; anything which hinders this fulfilment is bad. Aquinas believed there were four primary precepts, â€Å"God’s aims for humans†, which we are to follow to live according to natural law.These are to reproduce, learn and develop potential, live harmoniously in society and worship god. These precepts are moral absolutes and under no circumstances can be broken. Natural law is therefore a deontological theory. According to Aquinas natural law was the, â€Å"moral code which human beings are naturally inclined towards. † There are also the secondary precepts to take into account, which are the rules and regulations which help us achieve these aims. These are actually man made laws which are based on God’s principles.Natural law is a fusion of the secular philosophy of Aristotle (who claimed that everything had a purpose and therefore the fulfilment of these purposes was good, e. g. a good knife cuts well) and the religious tradition o f the church by Aquinas. Natural law was to be a supplement of the laws given in the scriptures and draws much inspiration from the bible. Paul in Romans 1-3 argues that the moral law of God is evident from the nature of humans and the world, â€Å"Ever since the creation of the world, his invisible nature, has been clearly perceived in the things that have been made. (Romans 1:20) In Matthew 19:3-9, Jesus observes that natural law should make it clear that divorce is wrong, â€Å"For your hardness of heart Moses allowed you to divorce your wife, but from the beginning it was not so. † Marriage was designed for the building up of the married couple by each other and for birth and secure upbringing of children; divorce goes against God’s aim. Peter Mullen, Working with Morality, states, â€Å"Reason and the regularities of the natural world should be your guide. † Though are ability to reason we can get a sense of right and wrong.We can think freely for ourselve s and discover God’s intention and follow natural law. In other words we must use our reasoning powers in order to work out what is moral. This helps us deal with ethical issues which are not dealt with in the scripture e. g. euthanasia. In his book, Summa Theologiae, Aquinas maintained that we have four cardinal virtues (‘cardo’ meaning ‘a hinge’) on which are morality hinges and these four things inform as reason as well as the Decalogue. It has also maintained that we have seven capital vices. The cardinal virtues are prudence, justice, fortitude and self control.Pursing what is morally right will help us to develop these virtues and vice versa. The seven sins of morality are just the vices of pride, avarice, lust, envy, gluttony, anger and sloth. Aquinas maintains that these, in contrast with the four virtues are totally opposed to achieving the goals set out for humans in natural law. These natural virtues are expanded by the revealed virtues of faith, hope and charity derived from St Paul in Corinthians and â€Å"Aquinas held that the greater the extent to which these are developed by the individual, the greater the obedience will be to natural law. (Vardy and Grosch) When people sin according to Aquinas, it is because they are pursuing what they think is good. Human nature is generally good and therefore if we do wrong it is because we are in pursuit of an apparent good, e. g. abortion, can seem like at a good thing at times. According to Vardy and Grosch, â€Å"Humans seek apparent good, but this is not true good; only apparent good because it does not conform to the perfection of human nature which all humans share. † A historical example would be that of Hitler and Stalin, who did not seek out evil but sought what they thought, was right.The theory of natural law states that you are only responsible for the immediate consequences of your actions – not for the secondary or unintended effects of your acti on. This adds flexibility to the theory of natural law in such areas as just war and etopic pregnancy. According to Thompson, â€Å"Natural law is based on nature as seen by human reason enlightened by Christian faith. In the light of Jesus’ teaching and belief in God, reason can decide, by looking at nature, what is right. † Natural law however has some faults. It depends on the belief that the world was designed by a creator.Aquinas assumes that all men must seek to worship God, atheists not taken into consideration. According to Thompson, â€Å"†¦ if someone does not believe in God, then the natural law theory loses its foundation. † The theory also suggests that reproduction is one of God’s natural purposes of creating humankind, not considering those who are biologically incapable of having children. Thirdly, naturalistic fallacy, there is a problem with the assumption that just because something is a matter of fact in nature does not mean it ou ght to be obeyed by everyone. Hume argued that what is the case and what ought to be the case are different ideas.According to Jenkins, â€Å"sex does produce babies by this does not necessarily mean that people ought to have sex only for this purpose. † In some situations it may be necessary to against natural law to achieve a better end result, natural law is too flexible. According to Peter Mullen, â€Å"it may be necessary, for example to torture an innocent person to save the lives of thousands. † Finally, how do we define what is natural and what isn’t, there are some basic ideals but these are too vague to apply to specific situations. For example should we try to prolong the life of someone who is ill, for death is the ‘natural’ result?Natural law also puts too much emphasis on human reason. Human reason can be corrupted by sin, e. g. holocaust. However there are strengths of the natural law theory. First of all, it is a universal guide. It provides humanity with a set of common moral principles and can be sued if you are religious or not (Aristotle). Secondly it is a simple, straightforward set of rules – we look at the evidence of the natural world and apply our reason to consider if something is right or wrong. And thirdly, the principles of natural law can be applied to solve pecific moral problems – casuistry. In conclusion, â€Å"The natural law is written and engraved in the soul of each and every man; because it is human reason ordaining him to do good and forbidding him to do sin. † (Pope Leo XIII) It is claimed that everyone holds certain fundamental rights simply by virtue of being human. Some argue that rights are a modern western invention, rights are something â€Å"constructed† by a historical culture, seeking self justification for its own purpose to expand the notions and even to impose them on other cultures regardless of their traditional ways.The words ‘human rights ’ have come to mean the political norms and prescriptions that are found in international human rights documents such as the European Convention of Human Rights(1950) or the United Nations Declaration of Human Rights(1948). They deal with the way in which people should be treated by their government and its institutions. This paper proposes to develop the argument that making human rights universal is problematic, this will be done by firstly looking at the historical development of the concept of human rights, secondly the approaches taken towards questioning the validity or justification of the doctrine.Finally, to explore cultural, religious as well as gender differences which interact making human rights difficult if not problematic to universally enforce. Historical Origins and development and creation of the theory and practice The roots of human rights doctrine can be traced back to the times of Aristotle and Stoics. In his ‘Nicomachean Ethics’ Aristotle c reates the basis for the existence of a natural moral order. This would provide a potentially universal criterion for evaluating the authority of man made legal systems.Aristotle distinguishes natural justice and legal justice, â€Å"Natural justice is that which has same value everywhere and does not depend on acceptance† But the concept of rights akin to that of the contemporary idea of human rights most clearly emerges during the seventeenth and eighteenth centuries in Europe and the so called doctrine of natural law. The doctrine of Natural Law held belief in the existence of a natural moral code based upon the identification of certain fundamental and objectively identifiable human goods. John Locke argued that individuals possess natural rights, ndependently of political recognition given to them by the state. He posits the idea that people held such rights independently of and prior to the formation of any political community, natural law thus is to perceive Gods will which truly gave an authentic moral code. Locke provided the precedent of establishing legitimate political authority upon a rights foundation. Compassionate to the works of the Ancient Greeks and earlier philosophers such as Pufendorf, 18TH century German Philosopher Immanuel Kant, who held that, moral reasoning relied upon the condition that all rational individuals are bound to assent.His notion of the ‘categorical imperative’, doing the right thing is not determined by acting in pursuit of ones own interest or desires but acting in agreement with the maxim which all rational individuals are to accept. â€Å"So the act the maxim of which your will can at the same time be universal law† The philosophical ideals defended by Kant and Locke come to be associated with general enlightenment project during the 17th and 18th centuries. Ideals such as human dignity and equality enshrined in the US Declaration of independence and the French National Assembly’s De claration of Man.Similarly continued through the 19th century in various political movements to extend the political suffrage to those that were denied political and civil rights. The full declaration of the doctrine of human rights occurred in the 20th century in response to the atrocities epitomized by the holocaust. The United Nations Declaration of Human Rights, enshrining fundamental human rights was adopted by the General Assembly on the 10th of December 1948. One should note that the modern doctrine of human rights is not a mere expression of the natural rights concept; rather it goes beyond it in some respects.James Nickel promotes three ways in which contemporary concept of human rights differs from and goes beyond that of natural rights. Firstly, modern human rights are more interested in viewing equality as requiring positive action by the state for instance providing welfare assistance. Whereas natural rights promoters were apt to view equality in more formalistic terms, essentially requiring the state to refrain from â€Å"interfering† in individuals lives.Secondly, where promoters of natural rights tended to conceive of human beings as mere individuals, advocates of contemporary human rights are far keener to accept the importance of family and community in individual lives. And thirdly, Nickel views modern human rights as more ‘internationalist’ in content and orientation than was typically found within arguments in support of natural rights. One can clearly understand the final assertion, since today human rights are increasingly seen as requiring international action and concern.For the benefit of the discourse, drawing this distinction between natural rights and modern human rights allows one to distinguish the development of the concept of human rights. It will also be beneficial to see the different approaches’ to human rights a well as the categories of human rights. Such discussion of the nature of human rights will demonstrate whether in Raschs view human rights cannot be justified as a universalising project. Concepts of Human Rights There are two categories that are fundamental to understand basis and potential for the application of human rights.Legal rights: these are the rights found in existing legal codes, thus benefit from the recognition and protection of the law. Disputes as to its existence can be resolved by referring to the relevant legal instrument, a legal right cannot exist prior to its passing into law, the limits of which its validity are set by the jurisdiction of the body which passes relevant legislation. Moral rights are not rights in the strict sense, better to see them as moral claims which have the potential to be incorporated into national and international law.For a legal positivist like Jeremy Bentham, there can be no such thing as human rights existing prior to or independently from legal codification. In contrast, Moral rights can exist independently from the ir legal foil. It has been argued that the black majority in Apartheid South Africa possessed a moral right to full political participation in that countries’ political system although no such legal right existed. When rights exist at international level, we speak of them as human rights, but when they are enacted at national level we see them as civil or constitutional right.To develop this even further, one can question the validity of human rights. Firstly, the interests theory approach, which holds that the principle function of human rights is to protect and promote certain key human interests. John Finnis contends, human rights are justifiable on the grounds of their instrumental value for securing the necessary conditions of human well being. The Choice or Will theory, on the other hand aims to establish philosophical validity of human rights upon a single human attribute; the capacity for freedom.Proponents of this theory argue that rights are a manifestation of the e xercise of personal autonomy, the distinctive feature of human agency which should be the core concern of rights. Human rights and Universality In identifying the historical roots of human rights and some basic general conceptual and justificatory approaches’ to the topic, the question whether human rights are â€Å"universal† is to ask whether there are good reasons for believing that the norms and prescriptions contained in the international documents symbolising apply to and obligate all human beings equally, regardless of their cultural, social or geographical location.The argument posed by Rasch is that human rights possess personal character which means in spirit that they cannot intrinsically adhere to the cultural, religious and social differences. This contention will be the basis of the remaining space of this essay. Rasch holds, that both Rawls, Habermas who were inspired by the Kantian project of discerning the rational ordering of human society is the proj ect of a â€Å"universalist ideology† that is homogenous and self justificatory.In other words he is arguing that the natural laws which initially held basic rights of individuals is â€Å"Christianized†. Such is the essence of human rights that truly they cannot be all inclusive and ever embracing. Rasch’s assertion must be examined closely, paying particular attention to the issue about the norms and values inherent in ‘western’ human rights are not the basis for human rights in all corners of the plane Rawls claimed that human rights â€Å"specify limits to a regimes internal autonomy† and that †¦their fulfillment is sufficient to exclude justified and forceful interventions by diplomatic and economic sanctions or in grave cases of military force†. Indeed, it is a generalization to suggest there is a line defined by human rights where national sovereignty ends. The reason being, â€Å"fulfillment† of human rights is a ver y unclear idea, because no country fully satisfies human rights, all countries have human rights problems, some large many â€Å"gross† violations. One of the most significant challenges to contemporary human rights is the presumed objective basis of the doctrine as moral rights.On this view moral principles are inherently subjective in character in that they express individuals’ incomplete preferences Protagoras claimed that â€Å"†¦no persons opinions can be said to be more correct than another’s, because each is the sole judge of his or her experiences†¦Ã¢â‚¬  In modern times, such arguments have been defended by the likes of Richard Rorty, who argues that human rights are based on sentimental vision of humanity, that human rights are not rationally defensible and fundamentally are emanated by sympathetic identification with others as opposed to reason.Kant differentiated between modes of expressions into objective and subjective propositions. He asserted that if an individual’s analysis is not accepted universally then it remains the moral position of the individual, thus a distinction between law and morality. In other words, one cannot assert their moral views and principles on others and expect them to be accepted. Knowledge acquired essentially should be objective in form.But subjective acquisition of knowledge as Kant saw, through individual reasoning or ‘moral law’ of the individual, acceptance of it will raise the individuals knowledge, thus knowledge is a steady cultural effort, In contrast, Michael Foucault argued that acquisition of knowledge should be subjective , he held that â€Å"truth† is the instrument of power’ which should be used to strengthen knowledge.Human rights are related to moral convictions; moral convictions are determined by underlying cultural commitments; underlying commitments differ fundamentally from one culture to another; therefore, the interpretation of human rights must vary fundamentally across cultures. Cultural Relativism is the most fashionable attempts to challenge the universality of human rights. One may suspect that Muslim and Asian critics of human rights suppose that their own views are in fact superior to Western ideas, and that everyone would be better off if their views came to prevail universally. Because ultures differ, and because human rights must vary accordingly, no one culture can go around trying to impose its view of human rights on others. Islam’s characterization of human rights is based on its followers holding true to the word of the religion. A Muslim sees rights much in the same was as a Hindu, a series of duties to the creator, in order to attain the higher freedom of enlightenment at death. The publication of ‘Satanic Verses’ by Salman Rushdie which offended Muslims worldwide, highlights how the western concept of human rights, to free speech can be incompatible with Sharia law.It is undeniable that the international community derives its values from a liberal consensus that is in essence a secularized Christian ethic. The traditionalist Muslims have not been the only critics of the western standard of human rights, until very recently the Catholic Church has been a strong opposition to what it saw as a conquest over the values of Christian community. The hearts of monotheistic religions are in conflict with the basis of human rights.Human rights doctrine is ‘humancentric’ essentially based on the responsibility and autonomy of the individual, the doctrine takes its premise in the authority of the state i. e. secularism and as its primary aim, to prevent abuse of power by the state over the individual. While monotheistic religions emphasis the will of god through the community. A study of prominent religion and development journals revealed that â€Å"religion and spirituality’’ are under represented in â€Å"†¦development li terature and in the policies and programmes’ of development organizations†¦Ã¢â‚¬â„¢The unique case of Re A (Conjoined Twins: Surgical separation), where doctors wished to separate Siamese twins otherwise both would have died, the parents opposed the operation on religious grounds, though the hospital and courts were choosing the â€Å"lesser of two evils† in that if the operation was not carried out the twins would die but if the operation went ahead one would live, the operation was allowed. Such a judgment is clearly confrontational with the religious duty of individuals.Furthermore, cultural imperialisms impact on human rights; Cultures are compelled to accept apparent universal standards because they are pressured to do so by more powerful cultures. Donnelly, contends that the American human rights regime can be explained by the power that lies within it, He believes that the dominant power of united states, in exercising its supreme power ensures support and creation of its interests. Essentially, human rights’ as an objective project is in reality established on subjective norms.The global institutions developed, in the hope to exercise their view of human rights through creation of instruments in the form of universal declarations or agreements, to which all cultures agree to, comply. The preamble to the United Nations Charter, demonstrates the clear declaration of universal intention by all member states to agree to a universal set of standards and norms. Who were behind the utopian ideal? The creation of United Nations was a result of recommendations by United Kingdom and the United States, the new ‘cultural imperialists’. We the United States recognise and accept our deep involvement in the destiny of men everywhere† Such was the sentiment expressed by President Eisenhower. During the creation of the UN and even today the membership is still increasingly western with a low presence of Asian, African or Ara b membership. USA evidently believed it was responsible for peace, security and human rights over other cultures, naturally ensuring that their values and norms become universal and dominant.In addition, the delegation for Saudi Arabia to the committee drafting the Universal Declaration of Human Rights in 1947, expressed that the committee â€Å"†¦for the most part taken into consideration only standards recognised by western civilisation†¦Ã¢â‚¬  The delegation contended that the committee was not to â€Å" proclaim the superiority of one civilization over all others or to establish uniform standards for all the countries in the world†Rawls argued that human rights are â€Å"international and universal† in that they apply to all individuals everywhere, however, such sentimental objections outlined are commonly expressed by not only Middle Eastern states but also Asian countries like China, the reason for this is that â€Å"Asian Values† place the goo d of the community over those of the individual, one can deduct that there isn’t universal consensus on the subject of human rights. Western values inherent in international human rights documents such as the UDHR are in what one can term cultural conflict as there is a clash of difference in values and norms.What can also be deduced from the lack of consensus, is that rights are ‘culture specific’, Human rights appear in the context of particular social, economic, cultural and political conditions. This is unquestionably true, since what circumstances brought about human rights in the west cannot be said to exist elsewhere. China has echoed such attitude in a 1991 white paper â€Å"†¦owing to tremendous differences in historical background, social system, cultural tradition and economic development, countries differ in their understanding and practice of human rights†¦Ã¢â‚¬ The dominance of western thought or ideological heritage in eastern or differ ent legal jurisdictions will not necessarily be accepted; rather what should happen is that human rights should â€Å"be considered in the context of a dynamic and evolving process of international norm-setting, bearing in mind the significance of national and regional peculiarities and various historical, cultural, and religious backgrounds†¦Ã¢â‚¬  In line with the last mentioned point, the issue of political sovereignty is worth noting.A state has national sovereignty to determine matters of human rights locally, rather than relying on international agencies to externally determine national affairs. The issue of human rights falls by and large within the sovereignty of each state. In 1995, the Chinese government confirmed its opposition to â€Å"some countries' hegemonic acts of using a double standard for the human rights of other countries . . . and imposing their own pattern on others, or interfering in the internal affairs of other countries by using `human rights' as a pretext. The West's attempt to apply universal standards of human rights to developing countries is disguised cultural imperialism and an attempt to obstruct their development. It can be emphasized that human rights are harms which the law commits and heals through human rights. They are concerned with the terrible rather than with achieving the best. Their aim is achieving minimally good lives for all people, or so it is claimed. For instance, Article 3 Universal Declaration of Human Rights: Everyone has the right to life, liberty and security of person’. As outlined earlier in the discourse, legal rights are in essence human rights as their basic action is to extend theoretical recognition and respect to all. But, New rights creating new ways of being in common with others else where open the boundaries of community. Karl Marx insisted that political community both upholds and denies universality of rights since rights support and are supported in turn by the inequalities of economy and culture.Economic exploitation of the urban poor through unemployment, low paid wages, poor health of developing countries through unequal trade and rising debt undermines and ultimately destroys the prospect of self determination when daily survival is the order of the day; all aspirations for social improvement or cultural expression are quenched. Thomas Pogge argues that basic human rights ambit of â€Å"securing life, liberty and security† has not been fulfilled That world poverty is an ongoing harm we inflict seems completely incredible to most citizens of the affluent countries. We call it tragic that the basic human rights of so many remain unfulfilled†¦Ã¢â‚¬  If it is accepted, that affluent nations such as USA, France and the UK are the beneficiaries of advancing the universality of human rights and the doctrine is inherently favorable to them, then what Pogge argues is the ‘nexus between our global institutional order and the persistence o f severe poverty ‘, then the injustice of such an order can also be accepted.It cannot be denied that the values of the consumer society cannot be applied to societies that have nothing to consume, since talking about universal rights is rather like saying that the rich and the poor both have the same right to fly first class and to sleep under bridges. What is justified in Britain in terms of legal rights cannot totally be the same in Malaysia. Clearly, there is a distinction of what law is and what is morally correct from the view of collective individuals, community and ultimately a nation.Rights promoting the equality of sexes are a contentious point The Convention for the Elimination of All Forms of Discrimination against Women (CEDAW) was adopted by UN General Assembly in 1979, it codified women’s right to equality in all spheres of life as a global norm. Article 2(f) of the convention imposes positive obligation on member states to modify or abolish â€Å"custom s and practices† which discriminate against women. Cultural differences have practical implications. Whether women’s human rights can be universal is at a moot point, since some cultures are seen as patriarchal like Islam and Buddhism.But a controversial but pertinent example of an approach that seeks to strengthen cultural integrity and individual freedom is India’s Muslim Women (Protection of Rights Upon Divorce) Act. This legislation was enacted after the case of Shah Banu, the Supreme Court of India upheld the right of a divorced Muslim woman to alimony, prompting outrage from Muslim traditionalists who claimed this violated their religious beliefs that divorced women were only entitled to the return of the bride price paid upon marriage.The Indian parliament then passed a law to override the court's judgment, under which Muslim women married under Muslim law would be obliged to accept the return of the bride price as the only payment of alimony. F. Raday cla ims that the most widespread inequality women face is the treating of women as housewives or mothers and not being able to integrate fully in the public domain. Equality, despite assertions of Declarations and Constitutions that ‘women are like men’ and that ‘women are different from men’ is a political construct, as Hegel and Marx argued which is expressed through the legal.The law as Hegel argued is ill equipped to accommodate difference human rights claims therefore involve an inconsistent dialectic between an impossible demand for universal equality that is identifiable with the western man. From the above discussion, it has been expounded that human rights cannot be absolutely universal to accommodate societal differences. What is universally different lies in the cultural as well as religious and gender dissimilarities that is the backbone to incomplete consensus on the subject of human rights.Common Western cultural roots are the basis of internation al treaties establishing so called universal human rights, leading non western cultures to conform to prejudiced norms. The knowledge promulgated in the doctrine is inherently subjective in character embodying the dominant cultural preferences. In reply to William Rasch, human rights cannot totally be justified as they are not completely and entirely impartial so as to accommodate cultural disparity.To paraphrase Oona Hathaway International public opinion have often been lured â€Å"that (in the words of Columbia Law professor Louis Henkin) ‘almost all nation observe almost all principles of international law and almost all of their obligations almost all of the times’†. This assertion can definitely be regarded as false when it comes to Human Rights. Examples can be found involving â€Å"almost† all the countries â€Å"almost† all of the times. It took America nearly forty years to ratify, with qualifying conditions the 1948 Genocide Convention.Fra nce has never transcripted in its national law the UN Charter for the Rights of Children (which has never been ratified by the USA). Last but not least, most of the genocides that have been perpetrated since the end of World War II, have taken place in countries party to the already quoted 1948 Genocide Convention (Rwanda, Yugoslavia, Iraq, etc†¦). In fact, it seems impossible to imagine a way of enforcing Human Rights when one reckons that it is already impossible to enforce the principles of international law. Indeed, the respect of international agreements is completely left to the will of the nations parties to these agreements.The respect (or non-respect) of a signed treaty is a matter of sovereignty and no sanction can be envisaged but a military intervention violating this concept of sovereignty. This is also Carlos Santiago Nino’s stance: according to this author the most serious limitation of the strategy of enforcing Human Rights is â€Å"that the still curren t conception of sovereignty of states impose severe restrictions on the obligations that governments accept by their commitment and on the forms of intervention available to external organs for investigating and punishing Human Rights violations†.The conception of a potential international normative system has to clash with the ideal of self determination because there is no ‘global civil society’. Or in Chris Brown’s words â€Å"properly understood, ‘civil society’ requires an effective state, while ‘global civil society’ is characteristically seen as a substitute for such a political order. Furthermore, it may be doubted that the mind-set required to make a civil society work actually exists in the world today†.For that reason, the application of treaties in the different countries stayed a matter of self-determination and self-policing, leading, of course, to consequent opportunities of Human Rights breaches, and impeachi ng nearly all attempts in enforcing Human Rights.5754 wordsBibliography Universal Declaration of Human Rights (1948) European Convention of Human Rights (1950) The Convention for the Elimination of All Forms of Discrimination Against Women (1979) Re A (2002) Court of Appeal (Civil Division) [2000] 3 FCR 577 United Nations Press Release : MEMBERSHIP OF PRINCIPAL UNITED NATIONS ORGANS IN 2005 http://www. un. rg/News/Press/docs/2005/org1436. doc. htm Charter of The United Nations http://www. un. org/News/Press/docs/2005/org1436. doc. htm Secondary Sources Books Douzinas and A. Gearey, ‘Critical jurisprudence’ (Hart Publishing 2005) W. A. Edmundson ‘ An Introduction to Rights’ Cambridge University Press, 2004 Kraut R, Aristotle: political philosophy (OUP 2002) p125 George. R. P, ‘In defence of Natural Law’ (OUP 2001) J. Nickel. Making Sense of Human Rights: Philosophical Reflections on the Universal Declaration of Human Rights, (Berkeley; Universit y of California Press, 1987) Rawls ‘The Law of Peoples 1999, p 70- 80 Cambell, Ewing and Tomkins, ‘Sceptical Essays on Human Rights’ (OUP 2001) p297-315 R. Rorty ‘Philosophy and the Mirror of Nature’ (Princeton University Press 1981 Kant, ‘Critique Of Pure Reaso’n (Hackett Publishing 1996,) I. Kant ‘Critique of Practical Reason’ (Hacket Publishing 2002) S. Houlgate, ‘An Introduction to Hegel: Freedom, Truth and History’, (Blackwell Publishing, 2006) F. Hegel, ‘On Christianity: Early Theological Writings’, (Harper Torchbooks, 1961) P. D’Entreves and S. Benhabib, ‘Habermas and the Unfinished Project of Modernity’, (Polity Press 1996) K.Hastrup, ‘Human Rights on Common Grounds: The Quest for Universality’, (Martinus Nijhoff Publishers, 2001) Douzinas ‘The End of Human Rights’, (Hart Publishing 2000) Articles S. Tharoor, ‘Are Human Rights Universal? â⠂¬â„¢ (World Policy Journal Vol. XVI, No4, WINTER 1999/2000) F. Raday, ‘Culture, Religion and Gender’ (OUP and New York School of Law,2003, Vol. 1 No. 4) T. Pogge ‘World Poverty and Human Rights’ (Ethics and International Affairs 19, no1. 2005) X. Li ‘Report from the Institute for Philosophy and Public Policy’ Volume 16, No. 2, Spring 1999 J Donnelly,’ Human Rights and Human Dignity’, (American Political Science Review 76 1982,) A.Pagden, ‘Human Rights, Natural Rights and Europe’s Imperial Legacy’ Political Theory’, Vol. 31, No2 (2003) E. Tomailn,‘Religion and Rights Based Approach to Development’ (Progress in Development Studies:2006,6:93) D. Renteln, ‘The Unanswered Challenges of Relativism’ (Vol. 7 Human Rights Quarterly,1985)Yimga, Andre Marie (Human Rights League, Cameroon): â€Å"Are Human Rights universal – a common heritage shared among cultures? † Rasch. W . ‘Human Rights as Geopolitics’ (Cultural Critique 54 spring 2003) Websites United Nations Official Website http://www. un. org/Overview/rights. htmlInternational Humanist and Ethical Union http://www. iheu. org/node/2874 United States Institute of Peace http://www. usip. org/religionpeace/rehr/universality. html President Eisenhower’s Second Inaugural Address http://www. homeofheroes. com/presidents/inaugural/34_ike_2. htmlEssays on Popular Politics and Human Rights http://www. irmgard-coninx-stiftung. de/index. php? id=1

Essay about Buyer Behavior - 1156 Words

Running Head: BUYER BEHAVIOR Buyer Behavior Your Name Strayer University Health Services Strategic Marketing January XX, 20XX Dr. Your Professor There are many external and internal factors that influence consumer decision making. The consumer decision-making process is described as a â€Å"six stage model of the decision-making process that includes problem recognition, internal search, external search, alternative evaluation, purchase, and post-purchase evaluation† (Berkowitz, 2006, p 393). The uses of technology and information resources to research issues in health care marketing have been and continue to be beneficial. The most important purpose of marketing is to have items or†¦show more content†¦The retired individual who calls the state medical society and seeks a second opinion prior to open-heart surgery. The retired individual who calls the state medical society and seeks a second opinion prior to open heart surgery applies complex decision making. Berkowitz (2006) describes complex decision making as â€Å"a decision-making situation requiring high involvement and extended search† (p 3 93). There are many issues and concerns that the retired individual has to deal with to ensure they are getting the most suitable and excellent care and treatment. By speaking with the state medical society to find the most experienced and suitable physician, other treatment options available, the most frequent recommended treatments, and the treatments with the best success rates and the lowest mortality and morbidity rates, the individual presents high involvement. No loyalty has been formed and the decision will not be centered on past occurrences with the present physician. The consumer who sees a new brand of headache remedy on the shelf and decides to try it. The consumer who sees a new brand of headache remedy on the shelf and decided to try it utilizes limited decision making. According to Berkowitz (2006), â€Å"limited decision making involves extended search in low-involvement situations† (p 109). Limited decision making does not involve any type of loyalty and depends on solely on advertisement. â€Å"The consumer is not particularly tied to one brand and seesShow MoreRelatedBuyer Behavior and Branding1814 Words   |  7 PagesBUYER BEHAVIOUR AND BRANDING (BBMK402) Introduction: Every one is a customer at one time or another. Production continues to increase just like customers increases day by day for goods and services that give value in return for consumer’s money. Although there are lots of components and elements that influence customers to support and buy the product and one of those ways is good marketing strategy. Good marketing functions raise competitive rewards to a firm which leads to be a magnet toRead MoreBuyer Behavior France1375 Words   |  6 PagesBUYING BEHAVIORS This study will allow us to understand how local consumers make decisions to buy. 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Essay on Internet addiction - 1725 Words

Internet and Video Game Addiction Internet addiction is a worldwide disorder that is oblivious to the technological age we live in. Since its inception in 1991 (Livingstone), the World Wide Web has only improved our quality of life. People don’t perceive online technology as a problem but as a solution to make our lives cheaper and efficient. As a working college student, my whole life is run on the internet. I use Facebook religiously to keep in-touch with my friends, I play Xbox Live to compete with amateur Call of Duty players, I read online newspapers to get current events, and I use every internet resource available to write research papers like this one. I classify my use of these devices as a learnt behavior—not an addiction—I†¦show more content†¦and Asian youth. The gaming industry has never been so vibrant because of an individual’s willingness to escape the negatives of reality and adopt a new persona in the online world of fantasy. The current trends in internet and ga ming have shaped new global business models that serve this internet-addicted generation. Internet addiction is growing in different parts of the world such as Italy, Pakistan, Iran, Germany, and the Czech Republic. Internet addiction has even become a serious public health concern in China, Korea, and Taiwan. As a result, private and government-run treatment centers have emerged across the US and abroad (Netaddiction.com). Internet addiction has already started to make its impact—it could be too late to prevent it. United States The U.S. is listed as a nation in which internet addiction is growing in rapid numbers yet it not considered a hotspot of internet addicted teenagers worldwide. Stanford determined in a survey of 2500 respondents in 2006 that one in eight American adults showed signs of Web addiction (Stewart). Compared to our Asian counterparts, this fraction is miniscule; however, take note that there is major cultural difference with the amount of technology use between the two superpowers. Since internet addiction is relatively new, it’s hard to find support groups like Alcoholics Anonymous or Gamblers Anonymous. SafeFamilies.org, anShow MoreRelatedInternet Addiction And The Internet1409 Words   |  6 PagesNowadays, the Internet has become a necessity in human life, and has become a sophisticated tool for job, social, and political success. Bill Gates says, â€Å"The Internet is becoming the town square for the global village of tomorrow.† People from different generations use the Internet easily wherever they go, and whenever they want. People use the Internet for many purposes such as checking emails, doing their jobs, or getting help for school-homework. 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A Survey On Data Mining Classification Algorithms

A Survey on Data Mining Classification Algorithms Abstract: Classification is one of the most familiar data mining technique and model finding process that is used for transmission the data into different classes according to particular condition. Further the classification is used to forecast group relationship for precise data instance. It is generally construct models that are used to predict potential statistics trends. The major objective of machine data is to perfectly predict the class for each record. This article focuses on a survey on different classification techniques that are mostly used in data-mining. Keywords: Data mining, Classification, decision tree, neural network. 1. INTRODUCTION Data mining is one of the many†¦show more content†¦Classification contains finding rules that partition the data into disjoint groups patterns and process. The goal of classification is to evaluate the input data to develop a precise. Explanation or model for each class using the features by using the present data. 2. ARCHITECTURE OF DATA MINING Data mining and knowledge discovery is the name frequently used to refer to a very interdisciplinary field, which consists of using methods of several research areas to extract knowledge from real-world datasets. There is a distinction between the terms data mining and knowledge discovery which seems to have been introduced by [Fayyad et al.1996].the term data mining refers to the core step of a broader process, called knowledge discovery in database. Architecture of data mining structure is defined the following figure. 3. DATA MINING PROCESS ïÆ'Ëœ Data cleaning ïÆ'Ëœ Data integration ïÆ'Ëœ Data selection ïÆ'Ëœ Data transformation ïÆ'Ëœ Pattern evaluation ïÆ'Ëœ Knowledge presentation. Data cleaning: Data cleaning or data scrubbing is the process of detecting as well as correcting (or removing) inaccurate data from a record set. It handles noisy data it represents random error in attribute values. In very large dataset noise can come in many shapes and forms. And irrelevant data handles the missing and unnecessary data in the source file. Data integration: Data integration process contains the data from multiple sources.

ItalianAmerican traditions in film Essay Example For Students

ItalianAmerican traditions in film Essay A Bronx tale is a story of a father who tries to win back the love and pride of his son from a showy neighborhood mob boss. In my opinion this film is the best portrayal of work ethic. Lorenzo, played by Robert DeNiro, plays a father who tries to teach his son that discipline and hard work pay off from working, in the long. His son Calogero, played by Lillo Brancato, is exposed to the life of a mob boss Sonny, played by Chazz Palmenteri,, and doesn’t understand why he should live a life of difficulty when he can have a life of luxury. He tries to explain to his son that the men in the community don’t look up to him, but rather they fear him He also tries to make clear that it’s easy to do what he does, but try waking up every morning and working everyday, that’s a real man. Throughout the film Sonny and Calogero develop a very close relationship. More than just a friendship, Calogero looks up to him as if he were a father figure. Sonny tells Calogero that he does not want him to do what he does, he does it because he has to; he has no other way out. He wants Calogero to finish school and make something of himself, and not to follow in his footsteps. Sonny feels like there’s always someone out there out to get him and never feels safe. He doesn’t want Calogero to have to go through the same thing. In the film Sonny murdered another person because of the fact that he took he took his parking spot. This haunting feeling he has throughout the film finally comes true in the final scene of the movie as the son of the father that was murdered earlier comes back for vengeance and kills Sonny. This action of revenge is another stereotype of Italian-American men. As the film ends Calogero is in the prime of his life so we do not know how his life continues. The viewer, in this case me, thinks that because of this dreadful ending Calogero will follow the advice of Sonny and his father to complete school and life his life like ever y other hard working individual in America, because as his father mentioned earlier hard work pays off in the end. Comparing and contrasting the use of food in two separate filmsThe first film that shows the use of food in a film is in fatso. As the title implies the main character is a little overweight. He feels that food is the center of his life; everything he does revolves around food. The opening scene is the wake of his cousin that takes place in his home. In the next scene he goes to the kitchen and has himself some bread with sauce. This is a perfect example of when he is depressed he relies on food to cheer him up. Food has become an addiction for him, whenever things are not right he needs some food to make things better. The same way some other people run to alcohol to solve their problems. In the film he meets a girl and she changes his life drastically. He feels he has to impress her and look his best. In order to complete this task he must give up food entirely. Even though this seems impossible for a person in his position he has the discipline and will power to overcome this feat . The second film, entitled Big Night, is about two brothers who try and run a business together, specifically a restaurant. Since they are trying to run a restaurant, the food is the center of the film, without the food there is no restaurant. The older brother Primo, named so because he was the first son born, tries to make the food very traditional and tries to give the customer what he wants. The younger brother Secondo, named so because he was the second born, tries to think of it from a business perspective. He tries to explain to his brother that he has to give the customer what they want not what he (Secondo) wants. In the end of the film the two brothers expect a very well respected musician to dine at their restaurant. In order for them to pick their business they must not only impress him but also the reporters. The only way to do so is with their traditional recipes, brought right from Italy, so food plays a very important role. Throughout the film the two brothers are tryi ng to prepare for this ultimate feast, which brings their relationship closer. Another example that shows the use or importance of food in a film is in Household Saints. The opening scene shows a family having a picnic, which starts to tell the story of the saint. The next and probably the most important example that shows the importance of food is the scene where she must cook a meal for Santangelo. He father stresses the importance of this meal and that the food must be perfect. As the meal concludes Santangelos mother disproves of her because of the fact that she cannot cook properly. This shows that since she cannot cook she cannot have her son’s hand in marriage, which is quite peculiar, since a meal can decide a marriage. .u6619944b86afb9b4ebf5dbb3e66ac879 , .u6619944b86afb9b4ebf5dbb3e66ac879 .postImageUrl , .u6619944b86afb9b4ebf5dbb3e66ac879 .centered-text-area { min-height: 80px; position: relative; } .u6619944b86afb9b4ebf5dbb3e66ac879 , .u6619944b86afb9b4ebf5dbb3e66ac879:hover , .u6619944b86afb9b4ebf5dbb3e66ac879:visited , .u6619944b86afb9b4ebf5dbb3e66ac879:active { border:0!important; } .u6619944b86afb9b4ebf5dbb3e66ac879 .clearfix:after { content: ""; display: table; clear: both; } .u6619944b86afb9b4ebf5dbb3e66ac879 { display: block; transition: background-color 250ms; webkit-transition: background-color 250ms; width: 100%; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #95A5A6; } .u6619944b86afb9b4ebf5dbb3e66ac879:active , .u6619944b86afb9b4ebf5dbb3e66ac879:hover { opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #2C3E50; } .u6619944b86afb9b4ebf5dbb3e66ac879 .centered-text-area { width: 100%; position: relative ; } .u6619944b86afb9b4ebf5dbb3e66ac879 .ctaText { border-bottom: 0 solid #fff; color: #2980B9; font-size: 16px; font-weight: bold; margin: 0; padding: 0; text-decoration: underline; } .u6619944b86afb9b4ebf5dbb3e66ac879 .postTitle { color: #FFFFFF; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 600; margin: 0; padding: 0; width: 100%; } .u6619944b86afb9b4ebf5dbb3e66ac879 .ctaButton { background-color: #7F8C8D!important; color: #2980B9; border: none; border-radius: 3px; box-shadow: none; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 26px; moz-border-radius: 3px; text-align: center; text-decoration: none; text-shadow: none; width: 80px; min-height: 80px; background: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/plugins/intelly-related-posts/assets/images/simple-arrow.png)no-repeat; position: absolute; right: 0; top: 0; } .u6619944b86afb9b4ebf5dbb3e66ac879:hover .ctaButton { background-color: #34495E!important; } .u6619944b86afb9b4ebf5dbb3e66ac879 .centered-text { display: table; height: 80px; padding-left : 18px; top: 0; } .u6619944b86afb9b4ebf5dbb3e66ac879 .u6619944b86afb9b4ebf5dbb3e66ac879-content { display: table-cell; margin: 0; padding: 0; padding-right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-align: middle; width: 100%; } .u6619944b86afb9b4ebf5dbb3e66ac879:after { content: ""; display: block; clear: both; } READ: True Brand Loyalty EssayEven though these movies are entirely different in their plots, food plays a key role in each film. In the first film the main character relies on food for support and in the second the two brothers try to impress their guest with their food, who never shows up. Two films that portray masculinity in this course are Mac and True Love. Mac is a film that shows the relationship of three brothers who you would think come close together as the movie proceeded but eventually separate. The three brothers are contractors who decide to go into business for themselves. Mac reveals the portrayal of masculinity, and the way I perceived his masculinity is throug h his hard work, discipline and determination. He is willing to get up every morning and go to work to support himself and his eventual wife. To me this shows the meaning of a man and further masculinity. The second film that portrays masculinity is exhibited in True Love. The main character, which I think is named Mike but I don’t know if this is correct, portrays his masculinity through his intimidation. Although he doesn’t support his wife, and we know this because there a scene where she calls him from her work, he tries to intimidate her with his power that he thinks he possesses. It seems that he would rather spend time with his buddies than with his wife, which I think is wrong. If he truly loved her as the title implies he would have stayed with her not because he felt he had to but because he wanted to. Even though these two films portray masculinity in two separate ways they still do show masculinity. Mac is a dedicated worker, whom personally I respect, who tries to support his family through his hard work. Mike, in True Love, is a man who has everything in the palm of his hands and doesn’t even realize it. He takes everything, especially his wife, for granted. Bibliography:

Managing Business Activities to Achieve Results

Question: Task 1 Understand the importance of business processes in delivering outcomes based upon business goals and objectives. (LO1)As the new operations manager at TripleS, you first focus on an evaluation of the interrelationships between the different processes and functions of the company as these different elements of the organisation are structured when you first take over. In doing this, you pay attention to the clash of cultures between the task oriented culture of the software designers and the much tighter approach of the chief executive on the main site.a) Draw an organisation chart to illustrate the current structure of TripleS and explain how the companys culture is linked to its structure pointing out some of the advantages and disadvantages associated with the current type of structure. You should also carry out an evaluation of the interrelationships between the different functions and processes involved in the company. (LO1.1)b) For the benefit of the senior management tea m, you now explain why it is necessary to link the companys processes (i.e. the way it carries out its work) to its aims and objectives and then you suggest and justify how this might be done in the case of TripleS. (LO1.2)c) You should also provide an evaluation to show how this process will be of benefit and make suggestions for points at which quality systems can be incorporated. While you are doing this, you should keep in mind the fact is the very first time anybody at the company has considered quality problems. (LO1.3)Task 2 Be able to develop plans for own area of responsibility to implement operational plans (LO2)In the next section of your work you focus on your own areas of responsibility and the implementation of operational plans.The objectives and plans you produce are aimed at meeting the six month deadline you have been given for organising the implementation of a new way of working for TripleS.The City College HND in Business Managing Business Activities to Achiev e Results Sept 2015a) You develop an outline plan showing how the work you have to accomplish will be completed within six months. In doing this you must consider appropriate goals and objectives. You should make use of a Gantt chart and develop an explanation which will show how you intend to address the key problem areas as set out in the case. (LO2.1)b) The objectives you develop as part of your plan must be SMART and structured to align the efforts of the different functions involved (LO2.2)c) Say how you will make sure that the new package is delivered on time, to budget and to meet the companys requirement for high standards of quality. Your response to this task must be specific to TripleS and to the tasks set out in Task 2a. (LO2.3)d) Explain how you will make sure that individuals and departments do not deviate from the plan i.e. develop appropriate systems for monitoring and control. Again, these must fit the tasks from Task 2a. (LO2.4)Task 3 Be able to monitor appropria te systems to improve organisational performance (LO3)This section of your work concerns the development of appropriate quality systems and standards.a) Make and justify recommendations for appropriate systems designed to ensure the high standards of quality needed by TripleS if it is to be able to meet the vision of the future desired by the owner managers. (LO3.1)b) Explain, with practical examples, what you will do to ensure the establishment of a quality culture designed to ensure continuous improvement in all essential processes. (LO3.2)c) Recommend improvements to the structure of TripleS. You should present your proposed new structure in the form of an organisation chart designed to fit with the companys new objectives and goals and also to improve overall performance. Naturally, you will specify your own position in the new structure. (LO3.3)d) You complete this section of your work by explaining and justifying the changes you are recommending i.e. how these will be of benef it. (LO3.4)Task 4 Be able to manage health and safety in the workplace (LO4)The final section of your preliminary work involves health and safety issues which are already in a worrying state because TripleS has never paid much attention to these issues. However, now the company will be required to meet the normal health and safety standards required by UK legislation.a) Advise the chief executive on risk assessment with particular reference to the health and safety problems currently being encountered by the workforce at TripleS . You need to consider and recommend appropriate action. (LO4.1)b) What health and safety legislation and regulations are applicable in the situation described in the case? Identify these, list them for the benefit of the chief executive and make justified suggestions for their implementation (LO4.2)c) Say what health safety policies procedures you will introduce to ensure that TripleS complies with all regulations legislation. Then advise the company on methods of systematic review of its policies and procedures (LO4.3)d) Finally, make recommendations designed to ensure that these policies and procedures will be complied with in a practical manner. (LO4.4) Answer: Task 1: LO1 a) LO1.1 Superior Systems Solutions (TripleS) follows the organizational hierarchy structure in order to incorporate the growth of the business in an effective manner. With the involvement of hierarchy organizational structure, TripleS manages their work design in a systematic manner. The organization has been established with the effort of five computer graduates. The four of the original founders head up the functional department, whereas the fifth founder has developed into the role of chief executive (Green 2012). The functional department of the organization has been categorized into four different sections including hardware design, engineering, manufacturing, sales, and marketing. TripleS believe that separate support functions have been facilitating them to incorporate the productivity of the business in an effective manner (Carlstrm and Ekman 2012). However, in recent days, the organization has been facing challenges in upholding their domestic market. The support function deals with different department including human resource management, finance, customer service, insurance and maintenance, transport and delivery, and sales force administration. The software section has been included in the operation as the chief executive thought that software section would allow them to put in a range of products and services for the customers in the society. There are some advantages and disadvantages of following this particular organizational structure in the business. Advantages: Organizational hierarchy facilitates in upholding a particular work design in the business The particular organizational structure establishes the clear authority for work and departments Managers of the business are skilled in specific area that enables them in upholding the work in a systematic manner Disadvantages: The organizational structure of TrippleS indicates lack of collaboration in the business The particular structure is unable to implement innovation in the business Each department of the business does not involve in the business communication The authoritative behavior of chief executive has created work pressure on the workers Lack of promotional pathway has created difficulties in incorporating business growth in the market Although the organization follows a systematic work design in the business, the interrelationship among different departments is very poor. Consequently, the business has been facing difficulties in enhancing the growth in the domestic market. Moreover, the higher management has not been cooperating with the employees, and it creates negative impacts on the workforce (Sultan and van de Bunt-Kokhuis 2012). For example, the chief executing has been pressurizing the employees for providing log hour of work in the business. Hence, the business must include an interrelationship among all departments. For example, hardware design, engineering, manufacturing and manufacturing department need to uphold healthy communication in order to enhance the growth the business in an effective manner (Mohr, Young and Burgess 2012). The organization needs to involve different software testing tools identifying the potentiality of the software. TrippleS will utilize both open source and and commercial so ftware tools. In the open source tools category, the organization will employ different software including TET (Test Environment Toolkit), TETware, Test manager and RTH. On the other hand, the organization will also utilize the Functional Testing tools such as Selenium, Soapui, Watir etc. however, the organization will also employ the load testing tools including Jmeter and FunkLoad (Rameezdeen and Gunarathna 2012). Aside this, the management will utilize the test management tools, functional testing tools, and load testing tools. For executing the functional testing, the management would employ Quick test pro, Test Complete etc (Mohr, Young and Burgess 2012). TrippleS follows the Hierarchy structure and each department of the management will use different types of software. Figure 1: Organizational Structure (Source: Created by author) b) LO1.2 The prime objective of the company is to become completely dominant in the small business sector. The organization has been trying to enhance its staff morality for experiencing better business enhancement in the domestic market. The organization has been operating four prime processes including hardware design, engineering, manufacturing, and sales and marketing (Cadden, Marshall and Cao 2013). Due to low staff morale, the organization is unable achieve adequate profits from the business. On the other hand, the higher management is least bother about resolving the employees queries (Huhtala et al. 2013). Consequently, it creates chaotic situation in the organization. Moreover, the production of the organization has been affected due to lack of intercommunication process. Hence, the management needs to arrange a single place where the entire work system would incorporate the process in an appropriate manner. It is necessary to uphold intercommunication among each department in order to enhance the productivity (Rameezdeen and Gunarathna 2012). In this scenario, the software section has been detached from the main work system. The senior management team of TripleS consists of five directors, who have been providing flawless support to the employees in order to enhance the business in an effective manner. The interrelationship among these four departments would provide adequate benefits to the senior management of the business. Hardware design and engineering department need to share their individual ideas in order to implement a new design for the products (Cadden, Marshall and Cao 2013). Consequently, it facilitates to engage a huge customers base in the society. By analyzing the organizational structure, it can be assessed that the enhancement of interrelationship would contribute in improving the teamwork in an effective manner. The following points show the beneficial aspects of the senior management as the interrelationship among each department in the busi ness facilitates in many sections. Enhanced teamwork Increased employee morale Higher retention policy in the business Enhanced the productivity Through the engagement of employing the interrelationship in the business, the senior management would be able to achieve the organizational goals and objectives in an effective manner. Hence, the interrelationship and the communication would be the best-fit solution for achieving the objective of the business (Huhtala et al. 2013). c) LO1.3 By linking the companys process with the aims and objective of the business, the organization will be able to enhance its production in an efficient manner. The organization follows a particular hierarchy structure in the business for executing the process in a systematic manner (Fink, Dauber and Yolles 2012). The prime objective of the organization is to become the leaders among the small software companies in the domestic market. By connecting the aims and objective of the business with the companys workflow process, TrippleS would be able to achieve the goals within short span of time. If any new employee faces the quality issues in the business, the particular workflow process would facilitate him in understanding the work responsibility in an effective manner (Kaufman and McCaughan 2013). Hence, it can be evaluated that the objectives of the business need to be incorporated among the employees through its work culture so that it can facilitate the staffs in executing the work in an effective manner. By analyzing the current issues of the organization, it can be assessed that the implementation of quality management would contribute TripleS to get rid of the issues out of the business. In recent time, TripleS has been facing challenges to retain their customers in the business. Consequently, it indicates a huge risk factor for the small business. However, the quality systems would enable them to resolve organizational challenges in an appropriate manner. Besides intercommunication process, the organization needs to implement proper quality management team for enhancing the productivity of the business (Fink, Dauber and Yolles 2012). With the involvement of approaching an accurate quality system in the business, TripleS would experience profitable outcome in the domestic business. However, the quality system would indicate other beneficial aspects such as follows: Accomplishment of new project Achieving customer satisfaction Upholding consistent product in the business Enhancement in the production Improves financial performance of the business And enhance internal communication Although the quality problems have been considered for the first time, the organization has already started reviewing the entire work process in order to identify issues that affect the business most. Task 2: LO2 a) LO2.1 The objective of the organization is to become the market leader among the new and existing software companies in the domestic market. TrippleS needs to execute six particular processes for obtaining success in the business within the six months timeframe. The organization needs to implement a project management plan into the business in order to uphold the work design in an effective manner. With the involvement of implementing the process, the company would be able to enhance the productivity of the business. The higher management of the organization needs to follow certain steps such as follows: Evaluating the scope of changes Create the vision Identify the issues in the business Drive commitment Establish change infrastructure Sustain the change As per the new plan, the organization needs to evaluate the scope for change in the business so that it can achieve the aims and objectives of the organization (Riivari et al. 2012). On the other hand, the organization needs to identify the issues of the business. In the recent days, TripleS has been facing several challenges due to the uncertainty of the business environment. Moreover, the software department of the company has issues in communicating with less intellectual individuals (Kaufman and McCaughan 2013). Hence, it indicates that the business needs to improve intercommunication within the business. The new project plan defines the scope of the business. On the other hand, the designing department is also facing issues regarding working environment, as employees have said that the long working hours cause neck and arm pain and sometimes nausea. Hence, it indicates the health issues within the business. TrippleS is also required to drive commitment by engaging effective work force for planning the changes, validate costs and benefits (Riivari et al. 2012). The involvement of new technology would bring change infrastructure in the business. The software department of the organization will engage the new tools for software testing for enhancing the workflow within six months timeframe. The organization would follow the following Gantt chart to experience the growth within 6 months timeline. Implementation of Activities 0-4 Weeks 4-8 Weeks 8-12 Weeks 12-16 Weeks 16-20 Weeks 20-24 Weeks Evaluating the scope of changes Create the vision Identify the issues in the business Drive commitment Establish change infrastructure Sustain the change Table: Gantt chart (Source: Created by author) b) LO2.2 SMART planning is the implementation of goal setting in the business. In this context, the implemented plan is smartly analyzed so that the business could experience a positive outcome. SMART objective: to become the one of the market leaders among the small software companies in the domestic market Specific: To become the one of the market leaders among the small software companies in the domestic market of UK. Measurable: The human resource management of the organization would measure the process of business enhancement by tracking yearly sales revenues in a systematic manner. Attainable The organization can achieve the particular goal by delivering high quality software solution at an affordable price to the clients in UK. Relevance By providing the high quality software services to the clients in the UK, the organization will ensure the profit maximization in the business. Timeframes The management of TrippleS will take 24 months to achieve the particular goal in an effective manner. c) LO2.3 The organization needs to execute a particular process for achieving the aims and objectives of the business. The management ensures that new organizational plan will be followed in an effective manner (Roldn et al. 2012). By providing the high quality services to the clients in the UK, TrippleS would be able to enhance their business opportunities in the domestic market. According to the new plan, the organization needs to follow six processes including identification of scope for change, create new vision, evaluate the issues, drive commitment, establish new infrastructure, and sustain imposed change (James Ng'ang'a and Nyongesa 2012). With the involvement of the new work plan, TrippleS would be able to improve its intercommunication within the business. Consequently, it will facilitate them in achieving the objectives of the business within short period. Being an operational manager of the organization, I have discussed the issues and challenges of the business in order to identif y the key development area. The prime challenges for the operational department are accomplish the project within time and budget (Robbins et al. 2013).The planning will be executed in a systematic manner for obtaining a positive outcome. The focus of the planning is to accomplish the entire project within the given timeframe. Moreover, the business focuses on accomplishing the plan with the allocated budget. In the Gantt chart, I have included six key areas of the planning. By accessing the plan, it can be assessed that TripleS may face challenges to identify all business issues within the given timeframe. However, 24 weeks have been taken for executing the consistency plans and feasibility assessment. Another challenge for the operational department is to accumulate the budget for executing the plan (Roldn et al. 2012). In this context, I believe that $10000 will be required for the initial plan implementation. In order to execute the project within time and budget, the business n eeds to focus on certain factors including resource management, goals and objectives, control over the project, and monitoring process (Roldn et al. 2012). In this context, TripleS needs identify the key issues in the business. Without changing the infrastructure of the organization, TrippleS would not be able to experience enhanced sales revenue in the business. Hence, it can be assessed that the organizational development plan will facilitate TrippleS to uphold a proper workflow in the workplace. d) LO2.4 The planning will be discussed with each department of the organization including hardware design, engineering, manufacturing, and sales and marketing. With the involvement of intercommunication with each department, the operational department identifies the issues. Hence, the department accepts the plan for the enhancement of the business (James Ng'ang'a and Nyongesa 2012). The operational department would highlight the key issues in the business including workforce challenges. In this scenario, the employees have been facing challenges to work long hours at the workplace. The long hours of engagement cause neck and arm pain, and sometimes nausea. These factors will be discussed with the each department of the business. Moreover, the unhealthy work environment is another issue of the business (James Ng'ang'a and Nyongesa 2012). These issues of the business will be discussed with the higher authority of the business. Monitoring and control planning includes several processes such as follows: Creating plan review dates: The plan review will be based on the regular basis. The operational department identifies the issues in the business. In this particular section, the management of the organization needs to evaluate the scope for change. By identifying the key issues in the business, the management would be able to focus on their planning in the business (Nuutinen and Lappalainen 2012). The monitoring process facilitates to align review dates with the short-term and long-term goals outlined in TripleS. Develop a tracking system: By implementing the tracking system in the business, the organization would be able to identify the issues in the business (Robbins et al. 2013). In recent years, the organization has been facing intercommunication issues. Through the engagement of the enhanced business development plan, TrippleS can establish new infrastructure. The tracking system contains the measurable goals and improvement of the existing work design (Nuutinen and Lappalainen 2012). The tracking system will enable the operation manager to identify the challenges in the workforce management. The tracking process contributes to resolving health issues of the employees of the business. Coordinating business and marketing plans: The business and marketing plans enable TripleS to promote their products in the domestic market. Moreover, it ensures measuring goals and objectives of the business. In this context, several market surveys will be conducted that facilitates the organization to investigate the current market trends. Enhance the workforce: Most employees in TrippleS have complained that the long hours of working have made several health issues for them. By analyzing the current situation of TripleS, it can be assessed that the basic requirement of the business indicates the enhancement of the workforce. Consequently, employees become de-motivated and less interested in performing in at the workplace. According to the management, the organization wants to experience high development in the business within the six months timeframe (Yesil and Kaya 2013). Consequently, human resource team is required to execute the recruitment forecasting in an appropriate manner so that the business can acquire potential skilled employees. Figure 2: Monitoring and Controlling (Source: Power, Ashby and Palermo 2013) Task 3: LO3 a) LO3.1 The system design includes integrated approaches in order to enhance the business effectiveness in the market. The operational department involves several strategies for obtaining profitable outcome from the business. These steps are provided as follows: Enhance the work design: The organization needs to redesign the work in an effective manner so that the employees of TripleS can provide enhanced performance in the business. In this case, the employees have complained to the higher management, as they have to work 60 hours a week. Extra work pressures have been affecting their health. The design department has been facing this particular issue. Moreover, the staff morale is low in the factory (Yesil and Kaya 2013). For example, two workers have threatened to sue the company after one sprained an ankle on a slippery floor and other has suffered an electric shock from an overheated drilling machine. Hence, these particular situations indicate that the organization needs to develop their work design for enhancing the entire process. Provide enhanced training session: The enhanced training session is another requirement for experiencing the quality system in the business. In recent days, it has been assessed that the product innovation of the business is brilliant. However, it does not support the companys hardware (Willcocks 2013). Consequently, it creates difficulties for customers to employ the service. Appropriate training and learning session would facilitate the organization to get rid of these issues out of the business. With the involvement of the training session, the software and hardware department of TripleS would enable to redesign of their products in an effective manner. Enhance the interrelationship: The organization includes four individual departments including hardware design, engineering, manufacturing, sales, and marketing. However, the employees of each department do not uphold the interrelationship with others (Manville et al. 2012). Moreover, the employees do not obtain the adequate time for communicating with others staffs in the business. Consequently, it affects the work environment in TripleS. It has been identified that the companys software is not supported on the companys hardware systems. Hence, it indicates the fact that hardware design and software department do not consult with each other before innovating new range of products. Through the engagement of employing intercommunication, each department would be able to share their individual thoughts and ideas for evaluating innovative products and services in the business (Hajmohammad et al. 2013). Besides this implementation of processes, the operational manager would include the waterfall model in order to enhance the business process in an effective manner. According to this model, the new design process follows five key steps including requirements, design, Implementation, verification and maintenance. The operational manager will accumulate all information on the business requirements (Sallis 2014). In the next step, the design and implementation of the process are conducted in an effective manner. In the final step, the verification and maintenance of the implemented process are executed. Hence, the waterfall model would facilitate the organization to implement a new work design within the business. Figure 3: Waterfall model (Source: Kerzner 2013) b) LO3.2 The quality culture is one of the essential components of the business. In this context, the organization needs to develop some process to enhance the quality culture within the business. Some of the processes of implementing quality culture are provided below: Initiate quality: In this segment, the management decides the status of the organization along with its goals and objectives. A small organization like TripleS needs to evaluate the gaps in the business process and implement strategies accordingly. For example, TrippleS needs to deliver high quality software solutions at an affordable price to the clients in the UK to become one of the leading software organizations in the domestic market. By analyzing the small business industries, it can be assessed that unique range of software products facilitates the organization in enhancing the business growth within short timeframe (Chang, Wang and Huang 2013). Quality commitment: The senior management needs to allocate the budget for upholding the quality of the products. Quality management is one of the major components for the enhancement of the business in the large demographic area (Read, Salmon and Lenn 2012). For example, there are several small software companies including Pulsion technology, Velum Limited, DCSL Software Limited in UK. Hence, the quality assessment is the only way to attract the clients in the domestic market (Martin 2014). The above software organizations have been trying to expand its business by delivering good services at a reasonable price. Consequently, TrippleS needs to develop their strategic plan for experiencing high growth in the business. Capabilities and maturity It indicates the required skills that enable the organization to execute the work in an effective manner. In order to enhance skills and knowledge of employees, the senior management needs to include an enhanced training session in the system (Martin 2014). On the other hand, maturity refers to the business understanding on the quality. Motivation Employee motivation facilitates the organization to improve its work design in an effective manner. For example, TripleS has been facing challenges regarding the workforce management. Hence, motivation is the only key to encouraging employees for providing enhanced performance in the business (Galegher, Kraut and Egido 2014). Institutionalization It indicates the process describing how the quality culture must be built in the business. The process may include several strategies including training, group discussion, and knowledge sharing. Moreover, the particular process includes motivation, exchange of ideas, and quality of awareness. Figure 4: Quality assurance (Source: Cordery and Parker, S., 2012) Focus groups The focus group deals with the activities carrying out the quality management in the system. There are many types of focus groups such as follows: Process review team Process improvement team Technology enhancement team Knowledge transmitting team Quality assurance team c) LO3.3 Figure 5: suggested Organizational Structure for TripleS (Source: Created by author) As per new organizational structure, some divisions have been included in the organizational structure. In the new structure, there are three main departments including head sales, head production, and head operations. However, in the previous structure, there was not any head production and head sales department. The previous organizational structure was a flat hierarchy structure including hardware design, engineering, manufacturing, and sales force administration (McNeil, Frey and Embrechts 2015). Moreover, in this new hierarchy structure, I have suggested an extra department called head operation, which would be operated by operational managers. The operational managers play a major role in the business, as he would operate the finance and human resource department. As per the new hierarchy structure, the role of head production managers is divided into two categories including technical and project planning related (Bessis and O'Kelly 2015). On the other hand, the head sales dep artment will operate different selling department including sales and marketing, customer service, insurance maintenance, and sales force administration. Although the previous organizational structure provides adequate support to the business, the new suggested structure would facilitate them in perceiving an appropriate work design in the business (Chance and Brooks 2015). In this new hierarchy structure, I have appointed head department in each section so that the work process can be executed in a methodical manner. With the involvement of this hierarchy structure, the CEOs of TripleS would be able to experience sustainable development in the business. d) LO3.4 The new hierarchy structure would facilitate the organization to achieve organizational goals and objectives in an effective manner. The organizational goal is to become the market leader in the small business sector. Moreover, TripleS tries to enhance customer and suppliers in order to expand the business in the UK market (Saenz and Jump 2013). The existing organizational structure has some flaws, as the structure does not contain head department for each section. Consequently, the business has been experiencing the lack of intercommunication and interrelationship (Dorsch 2012). Hence, the company is unable to uphold continuous growth in the domestic market. On the other hand, the new operational department would facilitate the organization to diminish the finance and human resource related issues. Consequently, it would contribute to enhancing the recruitment process in the business. On the other hand, the organization has been facing the organization has been facing several issues in some departments including design and software section (Bersimis, Koutras and Maravelakis 2014). Hence, the new organizational structure consists of head departments for each section that would facilitate to resolve challenges from the business. Task 4: LO4 a) LO4.1 Advice and Recommendation: By analyzing the current state of TrippleS, it can be identified that the organization has been facing challenges in providing health security in the workplace. The health and safety executive need to propose to the chief executive for improving their health policies for perceiving a better work environment in the business. As per the UK legislation, any business is bound to provide a health security at the workplace (Kulzhanov and Rechel 2015). Moreover, the organization needs to provide the health policy for the employees and their family as well. However, the chief executive of TripleS has been avoiding these issues for a long time. Consequently, two workers have threatened them to sue the company after one sprained an ankle on a slippery floor and the other suffered an electric shock from an overheated drilling machine. On the other hand, the workload causes several health issues to workers (Melby-Lervg and Hulme 2013). The workers have complained that the work pressure causes ne ck and arm pain, and sometimes nausea. The health and safety executive need to focus on these areas, as it becomes major challenges for the organization to retain workers in the business. The senior managers of the organization need to follow the UK legislation, and health care policies in order to uphold the healthy work design in the business. b) LO4.2 Health and safety legislation needs to be followed by the organization in order to uphold the healthy work environment at the workplace. As per the UK government, small and large business should have to implement the certain regulation in the business in order to enhance the commerce in the domestic market (Kulzhanov and Rechel 2015). In this context, the unhealthy work environment of TripleS has created difficulties for the employees to execute the work in an effective manner. Moreover, workers have complained for long hours of working that creates physical challenges including neck and arm pain along with nausea. The following table suggests the legislation regarding health and safety at work. Health safety at work: 1. Fire and safety in the workplace 2. Health and safety executive 3. Health and safety employing organization machinery and vehicle 4. Enhancement and disabled people 5. Workplace temperatures 6. Health and safety regarding power supply 7. Providing large work floor The chief executive of the business would obtain an overall idea of the health and safety legislation in the business. With the involvement of implementing these regulations, the chief executive would be able to diminish the health and safety issues from the business (Dorsch 2012). On the other hand, the senior managers of the organization should accumulate the feedback from employees regarding the health and safety issues. It facilitates the organization to understand employees requirement. Moreover, it would facilitate them in implementing the health and safety regulations in an appropriate manner. The health and safety executives would highlight the health issues in the business (Chance and Brooks 2015). Consequently, it would enhance the business in an effective manner. c) LO4.3 By analyzing the status of TripleS, it can be assessed that the implementation of health security is one of the major factors for enhancing the business in the domestic market. In this context, the chief executive needs to implement the workplace temperature policy, fire and safety policy, work environment policy (Galegher, Kraut and Egido 2014). These regulations should comply in order to uphold the healthy work design at the workplace. Moreover, the power supply related issues at the workplace affect workers health. Hence, the chief executive of the organization needs to consider the fact of implementing the power supply policy in the business. The company needs to implement an enhanced monitoring process in the business for measuring the progress of the process. With the involvement of the monitoring process, TripleS would be able to identify the key areas of development. In this context, the health and safety executives provide a detailed overview of the systematic review. The systematic review consists of five major steps including key question formulation, analytical framework, assessing the quality of the work, accumulating the evidence and interpreting the findings (Chang, Wang, and Huang 2013). With the implementation of these key steps, the health and safety executives would be able to review the implemented health care policies in the business. Consequently, it would enhance the business opportunity in the domestic market. Moreover, the health and safety executives investigate the analytical framework after the formulation of the key questions. The evidence-based health care policy would facilitate the organization to identify the key areas of development. In this context, the health and safety executives would implement the systematic review process for 6 months timeframe in order to monitor the entire process in an effective manner. Figure 6: System Review process (Source: Green 2012) d) LO4.4 Recommendations: The health and safety executive need to execute the entire process in an effective manner. The health care policies and procedures need to be implemented in the business for upholding the work design in an appropriate manner. The policies and procedures are required to be included in the business through several processes such as follows: Management Support: The support from the senior management facilitates the implementation process in the business. In this context, the health and safety executive have asked the support from the higher management for the implementation of the health care policies in the business. Consult with staff: In the recent days, TripleS has been facing workforce challenges. Moreover, the unhealthy work environment has created difficulties for the employees to execute the process in an effective manner. Hence, the consultation with staffs before implementing the policy is needed for conducting the process properly. The health and safety executive would accumulate several feedbacks from the workers in order to implement the health policies in the business. Define the terms of the policy: The terms of policy need to be defined to employees in the business. Through the engagement of investigating the policy, employees obtain the knowledge about the acceptable and unacceptable behavior in the workplace. The policy needs to contain the health care related information so that the employees can understand the required procedures during unhealthy atmosphere in the workplace. Training and regular referral: The policy may include some training sessions on the health care issues. Moreover, the organization should arrange enhanced training module for the employees in TripleS, as it would facilitate employees in a difficult situation. 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